Estimating Causal Effects Under Image Confounding Bias with an Application to Poverty in Africa
图像混杂偏差下的因果效应估计及非洲贫困应用AI 解读 ↓
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图像混杂偏差下的因果效应估计及非洲贫困应用AI 解读 ↓
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Observational studies of causal effects require adjustment for confounding factors. In the tabular setting, where these factors are well-defined, separate random variables, the effect of confounding is well understood. However, in public policy, ecology, and in medicine, decisions are often made in non-tabular settings, informed by patterns or objects detected in images (e.g., maps, satellite or tomography imagery). Using such imagery for causal inference presents an opportunity because objects in the image may be related to the treatment and outcome of interest. In these cases, we rely on the images to adjust for confounding but observed data do not directly label the existence of the important objects. Motivated by real-world applications, we formalize this challenge, how it can be handled, and what conditions are sufficient to identify and estimate causal effects. We analyze finite-sample performance using simulation experiments, estimating effects using a propensity adjustment algorithm that employs a machine learning model to estimate the image confounding. Our experiments also examine sensitivity to misspecification of the image pattern mechanism. Finally, we use our methodology to estimate the effects of policy interventions on poverty in African communities from satellite imagery.
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嵌套工具变量分析:转换者平均处理效应及可推广性
Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used to estimate causal effects from non-randomized data. A canonical example is a randomized trial with noncompliance, in which the randomized treatment assignment serves as an IV for the non-ignorable treatment received. Under a monotonicity assumption, a valid IV nonparametrically identifies the average treatment effect among a latent complier subgroup, whose generalizability is often under debate. In many studies, there exist…
Traditional machine learning relies on explicit models and domain assumptions, often limiting flexibility and interpretability. We introduce a "model-free" framework of instance-based learning using surprisal (information theoretic uncertainty) to directly analyze and perform inferences from raw data, eliminating distribution modeling, reducing bias, and enabling efficient updates including direct edits and deletion of training data. By quantifying relevance through…
自删失模型下信息性缺失的纵向因果推断
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通过因果数据融合衡量礼品卡项目的增量收入
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计数数据的去偏机器学习:基于神经网络的部分线性 Poisson 模型
We develop a novel debiased machine learning (DML) estimator to analyze count data, which are common in clinical or biomedical studies. Specifically, we estimate the effect of a binary treatment on count outcomes using a partially linear Poisson model. A key advantage of this model is that it represents the complex covariate structure through a nuisance function, which is estimated flexibly using neural networks. We use a Neyman-orthogonal score function to construct the…