Sensitivity Analysis for Treatment Effects in Difference-in-Differences Models using Riesz Representation
利用 Riesz 表示开展双重差分处理效应敏感性分析AI 解读 ↓
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利用 Riesz 表示开展双重差分处理效应敏感性分析AI 解读 ↓
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Difference-in-differences (DiD) is one of the most popular approaches for empirical research in economics, political science, and beyond. Identification in these models is based on the conditional parallel trends assumption: In the absence of treatment, the average outcome of the treated and untreated group are assumed to evolve in parallel over time, conditional on pre-treatment covariates. We introduce a novel approach to sensitivity analysis for DiD models that assesses the robustness of DiD estimates to violations of this assumption due to unobservable confounders, allowing researchers to transparently assess and communicate the credibility of their causal estimation results. Our method focuses on estimation by Double Machine Learning and extends previous work on sensitivity analysis based on Riesz Representation in cross-sectional settings. We establish asymptotic bounds for point estimates and confidence intervals in the canonical $2\times2$ setting and group-time causal parameters in settings with staggered treatment adoption. Our approach makes it possible to relate the formulation of parallel trends violation to empirical evidence from (1) pre-testing, (2) covariate benchmarking and (3) standard reporting statistics and visualizations. We provide extensive simulation experiments demonstrating the validity of our sensitivity approach and diagnostics and apply our approach to two empirical applications.
含不良控制变量的双重差分
This paper considers difference-in-differences identification strategies when the parallel trends assumption holds after conditioning on covariates that may themselves be affected by the treatment (often referred to as "bad controls"). We show that common approaches such as simply dropping bad controls are often ill-advised and develop two alternative approaches that allow bad controls to function as genuine controls despite being affected by treatment. First, we derive…
动态处理效应与一般嵌套泛函的自动去偏机器学习
Many canonical models in causal inference and structural econometrics have recursive identification formulas. In causal inference, recursion arises when identification requires both pre- and post-treatment covariates. For example, short-term surrogate outcomes are measured after the treatment, and serve as necessary covariates when identifying long-term effects. Post-treatment covariates are also required for identification of dynamic difference-in-differences designs,…
用于交错实施的固定效应因果森林及其医保扩张应用
Difference-in-differences with staggered adoption identifies group-time average treatment effects ATT(g,t) by comparing each cohort to units not yet treated, which avoids the "forbidden comparisons" that bias two-way fixed-effects estimators when effects are heterogeneous. This paper studies the covariate-conditional version of that object, tau_{g,t}(x), and estimates it with a fixed-effects causal forest. Within each (g,t) comparison block, the outcome and treatment are…
连续处理随机政策变动下的双重差分
Treatment effects of stochastic policy shifts quantify differences in outcomes across counterfactual scenarios with varying treatment distributions. Stochastic policy shifts may be of interest in settings where it is unrealistic or infeasible to deterministically manipulate treatments. In this paper, methods are developed to draw inference about stochastic policy effects under difference-in-differences (DiD) designs with a continuous treatment. The proposed causal estimand…
使用双重机器学习的双重差分中介分析
We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework with mediation for possibly multivalued discrete or continuous treatments and mediators, aimed at identifying the direct effect of the treatment on the outcome (net of effects operating through the mediator), the indirect effect via the mediator, and the joint effects of treatment and mediator, consistent with the framework of dynamic treatment effects. Identification relies on a conditional parallel trends assumption…
高维实验与观察性研究中的效应同质性及混杂检验
We propose a framework for testing the homogeneity of conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) across multiple experimental and observational studies. Our approach leverages multiple randomized trials to assess whether treatment effects vary with unobserved heterogeneity that differs across trials: if CATEs are homogeneous, this indicates the absence of interactions between treatment and unobservables in the mean effect. Comparing CATEs between experimental and…