Double and Single Descent in Causal Inference with an Application to High-Dimensional Synthetic Control
因果推断中的双重下降与单调下降:高维合成控制应用AI 解读 ↓
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因果推断中的双重下降与单调下降:高维合成控制应用AI 解读 ↓
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Motivated by a recent literature on the double-descent phenomenon in machine learning, we consider highly over-parameterized models in causal inference, including synthetic control with many control units. In such models, there may be so many free parameters that the model fits the training data perfectly. We first investigate high-dimensional linear regression for imputing wage data and estimating average treatment effects, where we find that models with many more covariates than sample size can outperform simple ones. We then document the performance of high-dimensional synthetic control estimators with many control units. We find that adding control units can help improve imputation performance even beyond the point where the pre-treatment fit is perfect. We provide a unified theoretical perspective on the performance of these high-dimensional models. Specifically, we show that more complex models can be interpreted as model-averaging estimators over simpler ones, which we link to an improvement in average performance. This perspective yields concrete insights into the use of synthetic control when control units are many relative to the number of pre-treatment periods.
广义双重差分
We propose a new method for estimating causal effects in longitudinal/panel data settings that we call generalized difference-in-differences. Our approach unifies two alternative approaches in these settings: ignorability estimators (e.g., synthetic controls) and difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators. We propose a new identifying assumption -- a stable bias assumption -- which generalizes the conditional parallel trends assumption in DiD, leading to the proposed…
含不良控制变量的双重差分
This paper considers difference-in-differences identification strategies when the parallel trends assumption holds after conditioning on covariates that may themselves be affected by the treatment (often referred to as "bad controls"). We show that common approaches such as simply dropping bad controls are often ill-advised and develop two alternative approaches that allow bad controls to function as genuine controls despite being affected by treatment. First, we derive…
高维混杂下纵向数据的异质性分位数处理效应估计(第二版)
Causal inference plays a fundamental role in various real-world applications. However, in the motivating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) study, it is challenging to estimate the treatment effect of chemotherapy on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). First, the heterogeneous treatment effects vary across patient subgroups defined by baseline characteristics. Second, there exists a broad set of demographic, clinical and molecular variables act as potential confounders. Third,…
DIRECT:分解视觉内容分析中的受众偏好与创作效应
Which visual choices make a post perform better? A growing literature answers this question with pooled coefficients estimated across many creators, which platforms translate into creative recommendations. We show that these coefficients blend two distinct patterns that can point in opposite directions for the same attribute. The first, audience preference, arises because creators who favor a style attract differently composed audiences, so their posts perform differently…
动态面板处理效应的双重/去偏机器学习
We introduce a novel framework for causal inference in dynamic panel data that extends the cross-sectional Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML) approach. The method rests on a partially linear dynamic panel model with two-way fixed effects for potential outcomes and readily accommodates binary, multi-valued, or continuous treatments. To translate potential outcome models into an estimable form, we introduce dynamic conditional independence assumptions. By integrating…
合成控制中的谱截断
Synthetic control (SC) matches a treated unit's pre-treatment trajectory to a weighted combination of donor units. We study Spectral SC, which instead matches the treated unit in coordinates defined by the leading temporal singular vectors of the donor panel, and a hybrid estimator that places separately tunable weight on retained and discarded directions, nesting raw-path SC and truncated Spectral SC as endpoints. We prove that the family reduces exactly to raw-path SC at…