Real-time Program Evaluation using Anytime-valid Rank Tests
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Counterfactual mean estimators such as difference-in-differences and synthetic control have grown into workhorse tools for program evaluation. Inference for these estimators is well-developed in settings where all post-treatment data is available at the time of analysis. However, in settings where data arrives sequentially, these tests do not permit real-time inference, as they require a pre-specified sample size T. We introduce real-time inference for program evaluation through anytime-valid rank tests. Our methodology relies on interpreting the absence of a treatment effect as exchangeability of the treatment estimates. We then convert these treatment estimates into sequential ranks, and construct optimal finite-sample valid sequential tests for exchangeability. We illustrate our methods in the context of difference-in-differences and synthetic control. In simulations, they control size even under mild exchangeability violations. While our methods suffer slight power loss at T, they allow for early rejection (before T) and preserve the ability to reject later (after T).
双重差分与合成控制的结合:双重稳健识别和估计
Difference-in-Differences (DiD) and Synthetic Control (SC) are widely used methods for causal inference in panel data, each with distinct strengths and limitations. We propose a novel method for short-panel causal inference that integrates the advantages of both approaches. Our method delivers a doubly robust identification strategy for the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) under either of two non-nested assumptions: parallel trends or a group-level SC condition.…
合成双重差分中固定目标集合异质性的共享供体推断
Empirical studies often estimate several synthetic-control or synthetic Difference-in-Differences effects from a common donor pool and then summarize their heterogeneity. Because the same donors enter several comparisons, the first-stage errors are jointly distributed and affect different targets differently. We characterize three regimes for linear fixed-set summaries: nonconcentration, root-rate donor exposure, and donornegligibility. We also show that removing…
让时间提供信息:中断时间序列的识别与高斯过程估计
We study causal inference in interrupted time series designs where a treatment affects every unit simultaneously, so that the contemporaneous controls used by difference-in-differences and synthetic control are unavailable and the counterfactual must be extrapolated from a unit's own pre-treatment history. We establish identification within the potential outcomes framework and estimate the counterfactual by Gaussian process regression. Rather than committing to a single…
小样本与短面板:用贴近实际的数据评估政策评价方法
Methods for estimating causal effects in longitudinal, quasi-experimental settings are widely used in economics, public health, political science, and other fields. However, studies evaluating effects of health policies often rely on limited sample sizes, both in terms of study units and time periods analyzed. Synthetic difference-in-differences (SDiD) and the augmented synthetic control method (ASCM) are recently developed methods for evaluating the effects of policy…
斯大林是否必要?苏联经济增长的反事实证据
This article evaluates whether the exceptionally rapid growth of the Russian and Soviet economy after 1928 requires a specifically Stalinist explanation. The analysis treats this historical question as a sequence of increasingly demanding counterfactual comparisons rather than a binary comparison between observed growth and a single alternative. Long run output series from the Global Macro Database and the Maddison Project are combined with synthetic control, augmented…
三重稳健面板估计量
ABSTRACT This paper studies estimation of causal effects in a panel data setting. We introduce a new estimator, the Triply Robust Panel (TROP) estimator, that combines a flexible model for the potential outcomes based on a low‐rank factor structure on top of a two‐way‐fixed effect specification, with unit weights intended to upweight units similar to the treated units and time weights intended to upweight time periods close to the treated time periods. We study the…