On the inverse of covariance matrices for unbalanced crossed designs
非平衡交叉设计中协方差矩阵的逆AI 解读 ↓
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SUMMARY This paper addresses a long-standing open problem in crossed random-effects models under unbalanced designs: how to find an analytic expression for the inverse of $ {V} $, the covariance matrix of the observed response. For unbalanced crossed designs, $ {V} $ is dense, and the lack of a closed-form representation for $ {V}^{-1} $ has, until now, made the use of likelihood-based methods computationally challenging and difficult to analyse mathematically. We use the Khatri–Rao product to represent $ {V} $ and then construct a modified covariance matrix whose inverse admits an exact spectral decomposition. Building on this construction, we obtain an elegant and simple approximation to $ {V}^{-1} $ for asymptotic unbalanced designs. For nonasymptotic settings, we derive an accurate and interpretable approximation under mildly unbalanced data and establish an exact inverse representation as a low-rank correction to this approximation, applicable to arbitrary degrees of unbalance. Simulations demonstrate the framework’s accuracy, stability and tractability.