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Judith J. Lok

估计干扰参数如何降低方差并实现一致方差估计

研究问题
当目标参数通过含干扰参数的无偏估计方程确定时,先估计干扰参数为何可能降低方差,以及如何正确估计这种方差?
方法与思路
作者用分块矩阵逆公式推导两步估计方差,并针对由部分或完整得分方程估计干扰参数、目标不依赖它的情形给出结果。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称,相关条件下估计干扰参数通常降低极限方差,忽略该步骤的夹心估计偏保守,并提供无需 bootstrap 的一致估计。
阅读关注点
应核对目标参数不依赖干扰参数的含义、得分方程条件、已知参数基准,以及方差下降与效率边界之间的关系。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审或期刊接收未核实;方差下降有特定条件,摘要未列完整假设,不能套用于所有两步估计。

原文摘要

We often estimate a parameter of interest psi when the identifying conditions involve a nuisance parameter theta. Examples from causal inference are Inverse Probability Weighting, Marginal Structural Models and Structural Nested Models. To estimate treatment effects from observational data, these methods posit a (pooled) logistic regression model for the treatment and/or censoring probabilities and estimate these first. These methods are all based on unbiased estimating equations. First, we provide a general formula for the variance of the parameter of interest psi when the nuisance parameter theta is estimated in a first step, using the Partition Inverse Formula. Then, we present 4 results for estimators psi-hat based on unbiased estimating equations including a nuisance parameter theta which is estimated by solving (partial) score equations, if psi does not depend on theta. This regularly happens in causal inference if theta describes the treatment probabilities, in settings with missing data where theta describes the missingness probabilities, and settings with measurement error where theta describes the measurement error distribution. 1. Counter-intuitively, the limiting variance of psi-hat is typically smaller when theta is estimated, compared to if a known theta were plugged in. 2. If estimating theta is ignored, the resulting sandwich estimator for the variance of psi-hat is conservative. 3. A consistent estimator for the variance of psi-hat can provide results fast: no bootstrap. 4. If psi-hat with the true theta plugged in is efficient, the limiting variance of psi-hat does not depend on whether theta is estimated. To illustrate we use observational data to estimate 1. the effect of cazavi versus colistin in patients with resistant bacterial infections and 2. how the effect of one year of antiretroviral treatment depends on its initiation time in HIV-infected patients.

笔记与分组
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