Statistical Inference with Local Optima
存在局部最优解时的统计推断AI 解读 ↓
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存在局部最优解时的统计推断AI 解读 ↓
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We study the statistical properties of an estimator derived by applying a gradient ascent method with multiple initializations to a multi-modal likelihood function. We derive the population quantity that is the target of this estimator and study the properties of confidence intervals (CIs) constructed from asymptotic normality and the bootstrap approach. In particular, we analyze the coverage deficiency due to finite number of random initializations. We also investigate the CIs by inverting the likelihood ratio test, the score test, and the Wald test, and we show that the resulting CIs may be very different. We propose a two-sample test procedure even when the maximum likelihood estimator is intractable. In addition, we analyze the performance of the EM algorithm under random initializations and derive the coverage of a CI with a finite number of initializations. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
面板信息矩阵检验
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We extend prior work comparing linear multilevel models (MLM) and fixed effect (FE) models to the generalized linear model (GLM) setting, where the coefficient on a treatment variable is of primary interest. This leads to three insights. (i) First, as in the linear setting, MLM can be thought of as a regularized form of FE (RegFE). This explains why group-level confounding can greatly bias MLM's treatment coefficient estimates. However, unlike the linear setting, there is…
迭代分布式多项回归
This article introduces an iterative distributed computing estimator for the multinomial logistic regression model with large choice sets. Compared to the maximum likelihood estimator, the proposed iterative distributed estimator achieves significantly faster computation and, when initialized with a consistent estimator, attains asymptotic efficiency under a weak dominance condition. Additionally, we propose a parametric bootstrap inference procedure based on the iterative…
迭代式分布计算多项逻辑回归
This article introduces an iterative distributed computing estimator for the multinomial logistic regression model with large choice sets. Compared to the maximum likelihood estimator, the proposed iterative distributed estimator achieves significantly faster computation and, when initialized with a consistent estimator, attains asymptotic efficiency under a weak dominance condition. Additionally, we propose a parametric bootstrap inference procedure based on the iterative…
靶向深度生存对比:神经网络下处理特定生存收益的有效推断
Neural survival models are increasingly asked to support counterfactual claims---how much a treatment would change survival in a population---rather than only prognostic risk scores. Answering such questions from observational data requires valid inference for treatment-specific survival contrasts under confounding and covariate-dependent censoring, targets for which standard deep survival estimators are biased and provide no honest uncertainty. We propose Targeted Deep…
两个高斯冲击已过多:非高斯结构 VAR 的自助法识别诊断
Standard pre-tests of normality on reduced-form innovations are insufficient to detect two or more Gaussian shocks and hence, the failure of identification in non-Gaussian SVARs. We instead propose a bootstrap-based approach to evaluate the asymptotic validity of this condition by measuring the divergence between the conditional bootstrap distribution of a maximum likelihood estimator and its limiting distribution under valid identification. We show that, under valid…