Saturation in G: simple & robust causal inference in cluster randomized trials with informative cluster sizes
簇规模饱和与 g 计算:信息性簇规模下的稳健因果推断AI 解读 ↓
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簇规模饱和与 g 计算:信息性簇规模下的稳健因果推断AI 解读 ↓
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Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) can exhibit informative cluster sizes (ICS) where cluster size is associated with outcomes and/or treatment effects. Under ICS, the individual and cluster-average treatment effects (iATE, cATE) can diverge, and the conventional linear mixed-effects model (LMM) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) with an exchangeable working correlation can produce data-dependent weighted contrasts that are not consistent for either estimand. In these settings with ICS, we propose easy to implement "cluster-size saturated models with g-computation" (CS-g), which employ a simple two-step adjustment to standard practice: (1.) augment the appropriately weighted working LMM or GEE with a saturated continuous cluster-size main effect and treatment x cluster-size interaction, and (2.) apply g-computation to target an interpretable marginal estimand. We prove that the appropriately weighted cluster-size saturated LMM with g-computation and more general cluster-size saturated GEE with g-computation can consistently target the iATE and cATE, among a broad class of interpretable estimands, while allowing for ICS. Crucially, this consistency holds under arbitrary misspecification of other model components, including the functional form of the saturated cluster-size terms. Furthermore, we demonstrate exact finite-sample equivalence between these consistent CS-g estimators and their model-robust standardization counterparts. Across simulations with continuous and binary outcomes, the proposed CS-g estimators were unbiased, more efficient than other consistent estimators, and returned greater power to detect ICS. A re-analysis of the PPACT P-CRT further illustrates the approach. Altogether, CS-g offers a simple, robust, and efficient route to target interpretable marginal effects in P-CRTs with ICS.
Background: Generalized Odds (Gen Odds) provide summaries for ordinal outcomes without requiring the proportional odds assumption. However, conventional Gen Odds compares independently drawn treatment and control outcomes and targets a population-level contrast rather than an individual-level contrast. We developed an individual-level causal formulation of Gen Odds and examined its identification. Methods: We defined the Causal Gen Odds using the joint distribution of…
We develop a semiparametric continuous time inferential framework for testing cumulative treatment effects, including both immediate and carryover effects. The latent state process is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose drift depends on state and treatment, while the observed data are noisy measurements of this latent state at irregular, multi resolution time points. We define the average treatment effect (ATE) as the difference of expected cumulative…
We study inference for continuous linear functionals of solutions to ill-posed inverse problems, including Euclidean parameters arising in nonparametric instrumental variables, proximal causal inference, and shadow-variable models. Although pointwise root-$n$ inference is possible under standard conditions, we show that this need not translate into locally reliable inference. Under a model imposing only minimal regularity conditions, the target is Hellinger discontinuous…
Motivation: Mediation analysis is an important tool for elucidating causal mechanisms in biomedical research and has recently gained increasing attention in microbiome studies. Motivated by a microbiome study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, we investigate whether the effect of induction chemotherapy intensity on infection status is mediated through gut microbial taxa. This problem poses substantial methodological challenges due to the high dimensionality, zero…
观测因果推断中不完全识别下的相对偏差
To conduct causal inference in observational settings, researchers must rely on certain identifying assumptions. In practice, these assumptions are unlikely to hold exactly. This paper considers the bias of selection-on-observables, instrumental variables, and proximal inference estimates under violations of their identifying assumptions. We develop bias expressions for IV and proximal inference that show how violations of their respective assumptions are amplified by any…
组间不平衡下的风险异质性稳健推断
Population-level heterogeneity is ubiquitous in biomedical data, where differences across demographic or clinical subgroups can substantially alter risk patterns. For example, in intensive care unit (ICU) studies, the mortality risk associated with specific admission diagnoses can vary across ethnic groups. Existing approaches for detecting risk heterogeneity are often sensitive to baseline model misspecification and regularization bias, both of which commonly arise in…