A Statistical Framework for Understanding Causal Effects that Vary by Treatment Initiation Time in EHR-based Studies
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电子健康记录研究中随治疗启动时间变化的因果效应框架AI 解读 ↓
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Standard practice in electronic health record (EHR)-based studies evaluating the comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgery relative to no surgery is to estimate and report a constant treatment effect across calendar time. However, real-world treatment strategies can evolve, particularly when comparators include standard of care or surgical procedures where techniques may improve, making it clinically important to ascertain whether efficacy of bariatric surgery has changed over time. Efforts to determine whether treatment efficacy itself is evolving are complicated by changing patient populations, with potential covariate shift in key effect modifiers. Through a comprehensive analysis of EHR data from Kaiser Permanente following two bariatric surgical procedures compared to standard of care, we develop a statistical framework to estimate calendar time-specific average treatment effects and describe both how and why effects vary across treatment initiation time in EHR-based studies. Our approach projects doubly robust, time-specific treatment effect estimates onto candidate marginal structural models and uses a model selection procedure to best describe how effects vary by treatment initiation time. We further introduce a novel summary metric, based on standardization analysis, to quantify the role of covariate shift in explaining observed effect changes and disentangle changes in treatment effects from changes in the patient population receiving treatment.
Two frequent approaches for identifying structural VARs are external instruments, which carry economic content but are often weak, and non-Gaussianity of the shocks, which provides statistical identification but carries no economic meaning. We combine the two strategies in a single generalized method of moments framework. This hybrid approach point-identifies the target shocks while also identifying the non-target shocks up to sign and ordering. Under suitable rank…
The conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is frequently estimated in clinical studies to refute a homogeneous treatment effect hypothesis. Under this regime, all patients making up the population experience identical benefit from a given treatment relative to a comparator. Uncovering heterogeneous treatment effects through inference about the CATE, however, requires that covariates truly modifying the treatment effect be reliably collected at baseline. CATE-based…
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Event studies with panel data are widely used to estimate treatment effects. With repeated cross-sections, future treatment dates are unobserved for untreated individuals. Pseudo-panel event studies impute pre-treatment outcomes of the treated using matched untreated individuals. This paper establishes identification in such designs and characterizes bias when identification conditions fail. I show that the pseudo-panel regression is equivalent to weighted least squares with…
自适应实验中策略改进价值的推断
In this paper, we develop an asymptotically normal estimator for the value of policy improvement (VPI) under adaptively collected data. This value, which is defined as the gap between the value of the best treatment policy in a class and that of a baseline policy, gauges whether or not it is worth deploying a personalized treatment policy. Building an estimator for the VPI is naturally more difficult than estimating the value of a fixed policy. This is because, in addition…