Spectral asymptotics of neural network Jacobians: Convergency, universality, and phase transition
神经网络雅可比矩阵的谱渐近:收敛、普适性与相变AI 解读 ↓
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We study the spectral properties of the Jacobian matrix in artificial neural networks and establish both its limiting spectral distribution and the second-order fluctuations of its spectrum. Our analysis uncovers fundamental phenomena, including universality properties with respect to the weight distribution and a phase transition in spectral behavior driven by the choice of activation function. Leveraging tools from random matrix theory, we first analyze a class of nonlinear covariance ensembles, which may be of independent interest in high-dimensional statistics, and subsequently characterize the spectral fluctuations of the Jacobian matrix, highlighting their dependence on weight initialization, layer widths, activation functions and network depth. These findings provide finite-width distributional calibration for Jacobian-based stability diagnostics and quantify initialization-induced uncertainty in signal propagation, gradient stability and local sensitivity of high-dimensional neural networks.