Orthogonality and Dimensionality in Airline Cluster Analysis using PCA and Kernel PCA
航空业聚类分析中的正交性与维度:PCA 和核 PCA 的比较AI 解读 ↓
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航空业聚类分析中的正交性与维度:PCA 和核 PCA 的比较AI 解读 ↓
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This methodological study analyzes the effects of collinearity, effective dimensionality, and cluster stability in a 2023 study of US airline profit cycles from 1995 to 2020 by Renold et al., which uses k-means clustering, principal component analysis, and system dynamic modelling.We replicate their clustering experiment in three spaces -- the original 7-dim. raw-variable space, a 3-dim. PC score space, and a 4-dim. PC score space using their dataset. We show that the six-cluster taxonomy is geometrically robust: k-means in 3-PC space produces bit-for-bit identical cluster assignments relative to 7D raw space. As a nonlinearity check we apply kernel PCA under six kernels spanning three families plus a linear baseline. The kernels confirm an intrinsically linear manifold with no detectable curvature. The silhouette criterion reveals that the dataset structurally supports only three clusters, not six. Collinearity in the raw 7D space suppresses the silhouette signal. A kernel ridge regression check confirms no nonlinear accuracy gain over linear ridge once the COVID19 year is excluded. Together, these results argue for clustering on PC scores rather than raw variables in collinearity-prone panel data.
已实现正则化回归
We develop a continuous-time penalized regression framework for the estimation of time-varying coefficients and variable selection when both the response and covariates are Itô semimartingales with jumps. The coefficient paths are approximated by spline basis expansions and estimated via least squares from truncated high-frequency increments. In a finite-dimensional setting, we establish consistency and derive a feasible asymptotic distribution for the integrated coefficient…
面板数据模型的统计推断:核岭回归方法
We propose statistical inferential procedures for nonparametric panel data models with interactive fixed effects in a kernel ridge regression framework. Compared with the traditional sieve methods, our method is automatic in the sense that it does not require the choice of basis functions and truncation parameters. The model complexity is controlled by a continuous regularization parameter which can be automatically selected by the generalized cross-validation. Based on the…
利用主成分联合建模成对稀疏函数数据
We propose a modelling framework to study the relationship between two paired longitudinally observed variables. The data for each variable are viewed as smooth curves measured at discrete time-points plus random errors. While the curves for each variable are summarized using a few important principal components, the association of the two longitudinal variables is modelled through the association of the principal component scores. We use penalized splines to model the mean…
函数主成分分析的惩罚样条模型
Summary We propose an iterative estimation procedure for performing functional principal component analysis. The procedure aims at functional or longitudinal data where the repeated measurements from the same subject are correlated. An increasingly popular smoothing approach, penalized spline regression, is used to represent the mean function. This allows straightforward incorporation of covariates and simple implementation of approximate inference procedures for…
宏观预测中的双重下降与良性过拟合
We study double descent and benign overfitting in macroeconomic forecasting. We document that double-descent risk curves arise in standard macroeconomic datasets that are driven by a small number of latent factors, and we characterize when the underlying benign-overfitting mechanism holds. The conditions of Bartlett et al. (2020) are satisfied under the exact factor model and can also hold under the more realistic approximate factor model, provided idiosyncratic variances…
信息性观测时点下的函数主成分分析
Summary Functional principal component analysis has been shown to be invaluable for revealing variation modes of longitudinal outcomes, which serve as important building blocks for forecasting and model building. Decades of research have advanced methods for functional principal component analysis, often assuming independence between the observation times and longitudinal outcomes. Yet such assumptions are fragile in real-world settings where observation times may be driven…