Conditional likelihood inference under complex ascertainment using data augmentation
复杂入样机制下基于数据增广的条件似然推断AI 解读 ↓
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复杂入样机制下基于数据增广的条件似然推断AI 解读 ↓
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In many applications, particularly in genetics, samples are drawn under complex ascertainment rules. For example, families may only be selected for study if two or more siblings have trait values exceeding some threshold. The correct likelihood for inference in such situations involves the probabilities of ascertainment, and these are frequently intractable. A consistent, but not fully efficient, method of analysis of such studies is proposed. The main idea is to augment the data with additional pseudo‐observations simulated under the ascertainment scheme, and to analyse using a conditional likelihood for discrimination between true observations and pseudo‐observations. Ascertainment probabilities cancel in this likelihood. The method is illustrated with a simple example involving left‐truncated failure times.
Background: Generalized Odds (Gen Odds) provide summaries for ordinal outcomes without requiring the proportional odds assumption. However, conventional Gen Odds compares independently drawn treatment and control outcomes and targets a population-level contrast rather than an individual-level contrast. We developed an individual-level causal formulation of Gen Odds and examined its identification. Methods: We defined the Causal Gen Odds using the joint distribution of…
We develop a semiparametric continuous time inferential framework for testing cumulative treatment effects, including both immediate and carryover effects. The latent state process is modeled by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) whose drift depends on state and treatment, while the observed data are noisy measurements of this latent state at irregular, multi resolution time points. We define the average treatment effect (ATE) as the difference of expected cumulative…
Joint-event forecasts combine an estimated dependence model with current marginal forecasts. Retaining historical transforms at the marginal fits available when each outcome arrived creates overlapping estimation errors. We derive their joint influence with the terminal estimates in a stable Vine Copula VAR with normal innovation margins and a fixed, correctly specified Gaussian or positive Clayton vine. An intercept identity and the stable VAR filter reduce the historical…
We study inference for continuous linear functionals of solutions to ill-posed inverse problems, including Euclidean parameters arising in nonparametric instrumental variables, proximal causal inference, and shadow-variable models. Although pointwise root-$n$ inference is possible under standard conditions, we show that this need not translate into locally reliable inference. Under a model imposing only minimal regularity conditions, the target is Hellinger discontinuous…
近端估计与推断
Abstract We develop a convex-analytic framework for constructing and analyzing a broad class of penalized estimators. Our method defines penalized estimators by applying proximal operators to benchmark estimators, rather than by penalizing the benchmark criterion itself. We establish general finite-sample properties, derive unified asymptotic distribution results, and provide tractable conditions for oracle selection and oracle asymptotic efficiency. We then apply the…
Motivation: Mediation analysis is an important tool for elucidating causal mechanisms in biomedical research and has recently gained increasing attention in microbiome studies. Motivated by a microbiome study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, we investigate whether the effect of induction chemotherapy intensity on infection status is mediated through gut microbial taxa. This problem poses substantial methodological challenges due to the high dimensionality, zero…