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分类依据与纠错

AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要研究干预的个体负面影响比例及其部分识别与推断,既属于因果推断,也直接涉及处理效应分布中的受损比例。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Nathan Kallus

干预有何伤害?处理导致负面影响的人群比例的锐界

研究问题
只能观测实际结果而无法同时观测个体反事实时,如何界定被干预伤害的人群比例,并在实验或观察数据中进行可靠推断?
方法与思路
作者为负面个体处理效应比例及相关目标推导锐界,以可观测协变量分层收紧界限,并构造允许辅助函数估计失误的稳健推断算法。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称方法提供最紧可行界限,具有部分误设下的一致性及更广泛误设下的保守有效性,并以模拟和失业者职业咨询案例展示。
阅读关注点
应核对实验与观察情形各自的识别条件、锐界的定义、辅助函数误设组合,以及效率、一致性和保守有效性分别需要什么条件。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审或接收未核实;摘要未给出完整识别与稳健性条件,不能把锐界理解为个体伤害比例的点识别。

原文摘要

The fundamental problem of causal inference -- that we never observe counterfactuals -- prevents us from identifying how many might be negatively affected by a proposed intervention. If, in an A/B test, half of users click (or buy, or watch, or renew, etc.), whether exposed to the standard experience A or a new one B, hypothetically it could be because the change affects no one, because the change positively affects half the user population to go from no-click to click while negatively affecting the other half, or something in between. While unknowable, this impact is clearly of material importance to the decision to implement a change or not, whether due to fairness, long-term, systemic, or operational considerations. We therefore derive the tightest-possible (i.e., sharp) bounds on the fraction negatively affected (and other related estimands) given data with only factual observations, whether experimental or observational. Naturally, the more we can stratify individuals by observable covariates, the tighter the sharp bounds. Since these bounds involve unknown functions that must be learned from data, we develop a robust inference algorithm that is efficient almost regardless of how and how fast these functions are learned, remains consistent when some are mislearned, and still gives valid conservative bounds when most are mislearned. Our methodology altogether therefore strongly supports credible conclusions: it avoids spuriously point-identifying this unknowable impact, focusing on the best bounds instead, and it permits exceedingly robust inference on these. We demonstrate our method in simulation studies and in a case study of career counseling for the unemployed.

笔记与分组
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