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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要围绕模拟实验的无混杂性、处理变化及提示策略引起的因果识别问题,直接对应因果推断。

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关注这篇论文的作者
George Gui
Olivier Toubia

用大语言模型模拟人类行为的挑战:因果推断视角

研究问题
用大语言模型模拟实验时,模糊提示是否会使处理同时改变本应固定的变量,从而破坏无混杂性并扭曲行为效应估计?
方法与思路
作者以需求估计和涵盖四十种产品的真实实验为基准,分析模糊提示引发的混杂,并通过向模型披露实验设计减少歧义。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称,披露设计在所有受测模型中改善表现,并与微调互补,使预测更能抵御微调数据中无关信息的影响。
阅读关注点
核对提示歧义与混杂的形式化关系、披露设计的具体操作,以及评价指标和控制协变量对模拟决策显著性的影响。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审及期刊接收未核实;摘要未给出模型清单、提示文本和效应数值,结果仅覆盖所测试场景。

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive potential to simulate human behavior. We identify a fundamental challenge in using them to simulate experiments: when LLM-simulated subjects are blind to the experimental design (as is standard practice with human subjects), variations in treatment systematically affect unspecified variables that should remain constant, violating the unconfoundedness assumption. Using demand estimation as a context and an actual experiment with 40 different products as a benchmark, we show this can lead to implausible results. While confounding may in principle be addressed by controlling for covariates, this can compromise ecological validity in the context of LLM simulations: controlled covariates become artificially salient in the simulated decision process. We show formally that confoundness stems from ambiguous prompting strategies. Therefore, it can be addressed by developing unambiguous prompting strategies through unblinding, i.e., revealing the experiment design in LLM simulations. Our empirical results show that this strategy consistently enhances model performance across all tested models, including both out-of-box reasoning and non-reasoning models. We also show that it is a technique that complements fine-tuning: while fine-tuning can improve simulation performance, an unambiguous prompting strategy makes the predictions robust to the inclusion of irrelevant data in the fine-tuning process.

笔记与分组
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