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分类依据与纠错

AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要研究存在不依从时的工具变量因果效应估计及实验设计型事后分层。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Nicole E. Pashley
Luke Keele
Luke W. Miratrix

利用事后分层改善工具变量估计

研究问题
当随机动员实验中依从者占比很低、工具变量估计不稳定时,能否利用预测依从状态的协变量进行事后分层来改善估计?
方法与思路
作者研究分层内工具变量估计的加权汇总,给出渐近方差公式,比较不同工具变量方法,并在两个投票动员案例中应用。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称,依从预测变量可通过降低少依从者层的权重或剔除这些层提高精度,但需要接受偏差与方差之间的权衡。
阅读关注点
应核对分层变量与权重的选择、低依从层处理对估计目标和偏差的影响,以及方差公式和两阶段最小二乘比较的条件。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审或期刊接收未核实;摘要未给出具体分层规则和结果,所述精度改善不能理解为无偏性保证。

原文摘要

Experiments studying get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts estimate the causal effect of various mobilization efforts on voter turnout. However, there is often substantial noncompliance in these studies. A usual approach is to use an instrumental variable (IV) analysis to estimate impacts for compliers, here being those actually contacted by the investigators. Unfortunately, popular IV estimators can be unstable in studies with a small fraction of compliers. We explore post-stratifying the data (e.g., taking a weighted average of IV estimates within each stratum) using variables that predict complier status (and, potentially, the outcome) to mitigate this. We present the benefits of post-stratification in terms of bias, variance, and improved standard error estimates, and provide a finite-sample asymptotic variance formula. We also compare the performance of different IV approaches and discuss the advantages of our design-based post-stratification approach over incorporating compliance-predictive covariates into the two-stage least squares estimator. In the end, we show that covariates predictive of compliance can increase precision, but only if one is willing to make a bias-variance trade-off by down-weighting or dropping strata with few compliers. By contrast, standard approaches such as two-stage least squares fail to use such information. We finally examine the benefits of our approach in two GOTV applications.

笔记与分组
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