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AI 根据所提供的论文材料归类:摘要研究随机试验与外部对照结合时的处理效应估计、隐藏偏差及随机化推断。

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关注这篇论文的作者
Jiajun Liu
Ke Zhu
Shu Yang
Xiaofei Wang

二元结果混合对照试验的稳健估计与推断:非小细胞肺癌案例

研究问题
随机试验借用外部对照以提高功效时,如何应对协变量分布变化与结果不可比,并对二元结果的处理效应控制错误率?
方法与思路
作者结合双重稳健估计与基于最近邻分数的保形选择性借用,再以相关估计量作为 Fisher 随机化检验的统计量。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称实现有限样本个体层面的外部对照选择;模拟与肺癌应用显示可缓解隐藏偏差、控制第一类错误并提高功效。
阅读关注点
应核对外部对照可比性、保形选择的精确保证对象,以及随机化检验如何处理选择步骤和不同风险效应目标。
阅读边界
所给版本为 arXiv 预印本,同行评审或期刊接收未核实;摘要未完整说明精确性条件及隐藏偏差下保证的边界。

原文摘要

Hybrid controlled trials (HCTs), which augment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with external controls (ECs), are increasingly receiving attention as a way to address limited power, slow accrual, and ethical concerns in clinical research. However, borrowing from ECs raises critical statistical challenges in estimation and inference, especially for binary outcomes where hidden bias is harder to detect and estimands such as risk difference, risk ratio, and odds ratio are of primary interest. We propose a novel framework that combines doubly robust estimators for various estimands under covariate shift of ECs with conformal selective borrowing (CSB) to address outcome incomparability. CSB uses conformal inference with nearest-neighbor-based conformal scores and their label-conditional extensions to perform finite-sample exact individual-level EC selection, addressing the limited information in binary outcomes. To ensure strict type I error rate control for testing treatment effects while gaining power, we use a Fisher randomization test with the CSB estimator as the test statistic. Extensive simulations demonstrate the robust performance of our methods. We apply our method to data from CALGB 9633 and the National Cancer Database to evaluate chemotherapy effects in Stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer patients and show that the proposed method effectively mitigates hidden bias introduced by full-borrowing approaches, strictly controls the type I error rate, and improves the power over RCT-only analysis.

笔记与分组