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关注这篇论文的作者
Ariel Linden

用于协变量平衡评估的加权 KS、CVM 与 AD 检验

研究问题
因果研究中的协变量加权平衡诊断,如何超越均值等汇总指标比较完整分布,并适应不同来源及较大变异程度的个体权重?
方法与思路
作者将 KS、CVM 和 AD 分布拟合检验扩展至个体权重,提出统一的标签置换推断程序,并称无需假定权重的生成方式。
材料陈述的贡献
摘要称四种模拟情景下检验尺寸接近名义水平,部分非加权功效优势得到保留,并提供 Stata 实现及不同失衡位置的选择建议。
阅读关注点
应核对标签置换的有效性条件、数据依赖权重的处理方式、尾部与中心失衡的设定,以及平衡检验在因果识别中的诊断边界。
阅读边界
这是 arXiv 预印本,同行评审或期刊接收未经核实;有限模拟不能证明任意权重均有效,未拒绝平衡也不能排除不可观测混杂。

原文摘要

Assessing covariate balance is a core diagnostic step in causal inference, but commonly used summary measures can miss meaningful distributional differences they are not designed to detect. Distributional goodness-of-fit tests, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Anderson-Darling (AD), and Cramer-von Mises (CVM) tests, offer a more complete comparison but have previously been available only for unweighted data. We extend all three to accommodate case weights of any origin, using a shared label-permutation inference procedure that requires no assumption about how the weights were generated. In a four-scenario simulation study, all three weighted tests controlled Type I error close to nominal across sample sizes from 1,000 to 4,000 under substantial weight variability. Each test's known unweighted comparative advantage was preserved under weighting for two of three discrepancy types: KS was most powerful against a centrally located discrepancy, and AD was overwhelmingly most powerful against a tail-located discrepancy, while AD and CVM performed comparably against a diffuse discrepancy, both outperforming KS. These findings support AD as a reasonable general-purpose default for routine covariate balance assessment, while KS retains an advantage when a centrally concentrated imbalance is specifically suspected. The methods are implemented in the Stata commands kstest, adtest, and cvmtest.

笔记与分组
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