Identification and Robust Inference for Multiple Treatments with Possibly Invalid Instruments
存在无效工具变量时多重处理效应的识别与稳健推断AI 解读 ↓
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存在无效工具变量时多重处理效应的识别与稳健推断AI 解读 ↓
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The instrumental variable (IV) method is widely used to infer causal effects in observational studies with unmeasured confounding, but invalid instruments can compromise both population identification and finite-sample inference. This paper studies linear IV models with multiple endogenous treatments and possibly invalid instruments. Identification of multiple effects is more delicate than in the single-treatment setting because a single instrument no longer identifies a single candidate effect; instead, each relevant instrument defines a hyperplane in the multidimensional effect space. For identification of multiple treatment effects, we introduce generalized plurality and majority rules which require a sufficiently large number of IVs to be valid. For inference, data-dependent instrument selection may fail to separate certain invalid IVs from valid ones, leading to undercoverage of confidence intervals when these invalid instruments are mistakenly selected as valid. We propose a sampling confidence interval for each treatment effect, which is robust to IV selection errors. We establish asymptotic coverage and parametric-rate length of our sampling confidence interval under regularity conditions and illustrate this method in Monte Carlo simulations and a Mendelian randomization application.
Two frequent approaches for identifying structural VARs are external instruments, which carry economic content but are often weak, and non-Gaussianity of the shocks, which provides statistical identification but carries no economic meaning. We combine the two strategies in a single generalized method of moments framework. This hybrid approach point-identifies the target shocks while also identifying the non-target shocks up to sign and ordering. Under suitable rank…
IV-LASSO 的工具变量字典与惩罚选择
Estimating the first stage of an instrumental variables (IV) model with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) requires choosing a dictionary of technical instruments and a penalty level. First-order asymptotic theory offers no guidance on these choices, as any consistent implementation yields a structural parameter estimator with the same limiting distribution. In finite samples, however, these choices can have a substantial impact on the resulting…
嵌套工具变量分析:转换者平均处理效应及可推广性
Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used to estimate causal effects from non-randomized data. A canonical example is a randomized trial with noncompliance, in which the randomized treatment assignment serves as an IV for the non-ignorable treatment received. Under a monotonicity assumption, a valid IV nonparametrically identifies the average treatment effect among a latent complier subgroup, whose generalizability is often under debate. In many studies, there exist…
借助知识迁移增强代表性不足子群体的工具变量分析
Instrumental variable (IV) analysis in underrepresented target populations suffers from low statistical efficiency and weak IV bias due to limited sample size. Leveraging external knowledge from a source population with larger samples offers an appealing solution to this problem. We propose in this paper the KNowledge-powered IV Estimator for underrepresented Subpopulations (KNIVES), a framework that enhances the IV analysis for underrepresented subpopulations by…
Instrumental variable (IV) methods mitigate bias from unobserved confounding in observational causal inference but rely on the availability of a valid instrument, which can often be difficult or infeasible to identify in practice. In this paper, we propose a representation learning approach that constructs instrumental representations from observed covariates, which could enable IV-based estimation even in the absence of an explicit instrument. Our model (ZNet) achieves this…
挖掘因果关系:人工智能辅助搜索工具变量
The instrumental variables (IVs) method is a leading empirical strategy for causal inference. Finding IVs is a heuristic and creative process, and justifying their validity---especially exclusion restrictions---is largely rhetorical. We propose using large language models (LLMs) to search for new IVs through narratives and counterfactual reasoning, similar to how a human researcher would. The stark difference, however, is that LLMs can dramatically accelerate this process…