每日简报

DoubleML：R 中双重机器学习的面向对象实现AI 解读

The R package DoubleML implements the double/debiased machine learning framework of Chernozhukov et al. (2018). It provides functionalities to estimate parameters in causal models based on machine learning methods. The double machine learning framework consist of three key ingredients: Neyman orthogonality, high-quality machine learning estimation and sample splitting. Estimation of nuisance components can be performed by various state-of-the-art machine learning methods…

零利率下限下的识别AI 解读

I show that the Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) on interest rates can be used to identify the causal effects of monetary policy. Identification depends on the extent to which the ZLB limits the efficacy of monetary policy. I propose a simple way to test the efficacy of unconventional policies, modelled via a `shadow rate'. I apply this method to U.S. monetary policy using a three-equation SVAR model of inflation, unemployment and the federal funds rate. I reject the null hypothesis…

未观测混杂下利用负向对照的因果推断：极小极大学习方法AI 解读

We study the estimation of causal parameters when not all confounders are observed and instead negative controls are available. Recent work has shown how these can enable identification and efficient estimation via two so-called bridge functions. In this paper, we tackle the primary challenge to causal inference using negative controls: the identification and estimation of these bridge functions. Previous work has relied on completeness conditions on these functions to…

重新审视 g-null 悖论AI 解读

The parametric g-formula is an approach to estimating causal effects of sustained treatment strategies from observational data. An often cited limitation of the parametric g-formula is the g-null paradox: a phenomenon in which model misspecification in the parametric g-formula is guaranteed under the conditions that motivate its use (i.e., when identifiability conditions hold and measured time-varying confounders are affected by past treatment). Many users of the parametric…

将 k 近邻用于时间序列预测：两种新方法AI 解读

K-nearest neighbors algorithm is one of the prominent techniques used in classification and regression. Despite its simplicity, the k-nearest neighbors has been successfully applied in time series forecasting. However, the selection of the number of neighbors and feature selection is a daunting task. In this paper, we introduce two methodologies to forecasting time series that we refer to as Classical Parameters Tuning in Weighted Nearest Neighbors and Fast Parameters Tuning…

非嵌套设计中将试验证据推广至目标人群：艾滋病临床试验应用AI 解读

Comparative effectiveness evidence from randomized trials may not be directly generalizable to a target population of substantive interest when, as in most cases, trial participants are not randomly sampled from the target population. Motivated by the need to generalize evidence from two trials conducted in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), we consider weighting, regression and doubly robust estimators to estimate the causal effects of HIV interventions in a specified…

结合 LSTM 与数据降噪方法的金融时间序列预测AI 解读

In order to further overcome the difficulties of the existing models in dealing with the non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics of high-frequency financial time series data, especially its weak generalization ability, this paper proposes an ensemble method based on data denoising methods, including the wavelet transform (WT) and singular spectrum analysis (SSA), and long-term short-term memory neural network (LSTM) to build a data prediction model, The financial time…

TARMA 框架中的门槛效应检验AI 解读

We present supremum Lagrange Multiplier tests to compare a linear ARMA specification against its threshold ARMA extension. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics both under the null hypothesis and contiguous local alternatives. Moreover, we prove the consistency of the tests. The Monte Carlo study shows that the tests enjoy good finite-sample properties, are robust against model mis-specification and their performance is not affected if the order of the…

非平稳与误设造成的低频污染：对异方差与自相关稳健推断的影响AI 解读

We establish theoretical results about the low frequency contamination (i.e., long memory effects) induced by general nonstationarity for estimates such as the sample autocovariance and the periodogram, and deduce consequences for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust (HAR) inference. We present explicit expressions for the asymptotic bias of these estimates. We distinguish cases where this contamination only occurs as a small-sample problem and cases where the…

异质数据来源下个性化处理效应的树模型平均方法AI 解读

Accurately estimating personalized treatment effects within a study site (e.g., a hospital) has been challenging due to limited sample size. Furthermore, privacy considerations and lack of resources prevent a site from leveraging subject-level data from other sites. We propose a tree-based model averaging approach to improve the estimation accuracy of conditional average treatment effects (CATE) at a target site by leveraging models derived from other potentially…

基于 LASSO 可靠识别格兰杰因果关系的非渐近保证AI 解读

Granger causality is among the widely used data-driven approaches for causal analysis of time series data with applications in various areas including economics, molecular biology, and neuroscience. Two of the main challenges of this methodology are: 1) over-fitting as a result of limited data duration, and 2) correlated process noise as a confounding factor, both leading to errors in identifying the causal influences. Sparse estimation via the LASSO has successfully…

点预测协调方法的性质AI 解读

Point forecast reconciliation of collection of time series with linear aggregation constraints has evolved substantially over the last decade. A few commonly used methods are GLS (generalized least squares), OLS (ordinary least squares), WLS (weighted least squares), and MinT (minimum trace). GLS and MinT have similar mathematical expressions, but they differ by the covariance matrix used. OLS and WLS can be considered as special cases of MinT where they differ by the…

成本不确定时的处理分配AI 解读

We consider the problem of learning how to optimally allocate treatments whose cost is uncertain and can vary with pre-treatment covariates. This setting may arise in medicine if we need to prioritize access to a scarce resource that different patients would use for different amounts of time, or in marketing if we want to target discounts whose cost to the company depends on how much the discounts are used. Here, we show that the optimal treatment allocation rule under…

NCoRE：组合治疗的神经网络反事实表示学习AI 解读

Estimating an individual's potential response to interventions from observational data is of high practical relevance for many domains, such as healthcare, public policy or economics. In this setting, it is often the case that combinations of interventions may be applied simultaneously, for example, multiple prescriptions in healthcare or different fiscal and monetary measures in economics. However, existing methods for counterfactual inference are limited to settings in…

高维矩阵数据的双向因子模型AI 解读

In this article, we introduce a two-way factor model for a high-dimensional data matrix and study the properties of the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The proposed model assumes separable effects of row and column attributes and captures the correlation across rows and columns with low-dimensional hidden factors. The model inherits the dimension-reduction feature of classical factor models but introduces a new framework with separable row and column factors,…

是个体构成还是所在环境？分解跨站点处理效应差异AI 解读

Multisite trials, in which treatment is randomized separately in multiple sites, offer a unique opportunity to disentangle treatment effect variation due to "compositional" differences in the distributions of unit-level features from variation due to "contextual" differences in site-level features. In particular, if we can re-weight (or "transport") each site to have a common distribution of unit-level covariates, the remaining effect variation captures contextual…

工具变量面板设计的更稳健估计：以中国进口对美国就业的影响为例AI 解读

We show that first-difference two-stages-least-squares regressions identify non-convex combinations of location-and-period-specific treatment effects. Thus, those regressions could be biased if effects are heterogeneous. We propose an alternative instrumental-variable correlated-random-coefficient (IV-CRC) estimator, that is more robust to heterogeneous effects. We revisit Autor et al. (2013), who use a first-difference two-stages-least-squares regression to estimate the…

你喜欢有向无环图吗？结构学习与因果发现综述AI 解读

Causal reasoning is a crucial part of science and human intelligence. In order to discover causal relationships from data, we need structure discovery methods. We provide a review of background theory and a survey of methods for structure discovery. We primarily focus on modern, continuous optimization methods, and provide reference to further resources such as benchmark datasets and software packages. Finally, we discuss the assumptive leap required to take us from…

暴露映射误设下的因果推断：分离效应定义与结构假设AI 解读

Exposure mappings facilitate investigations of complex causal effects when units interact in experiments. Current methods require experimenters to use the same exposure mappings both to define the effect of interest and to impose assumptions on the interference structure. However, the two roles rarely coincide in practice, and experimenters are forced to make the often questionable assumption that their exposures are correctly specified. This paper argues that the two roles…

因子化二分搜索：高维多变量时间序列网络结构的变点检测AI 解读

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series data presents a unique opportunity to understand the behavior of temporal brain connectivity, and models that uncover the complex dynamic workings of this organ are of keen interest in neuroscience. We are motivated to develop accurate change point detection and network estimation techniques for high-dimensional whole-brain fMRI data. To this end, we introduce factorized binary search (FaBiSearch), a novel change point…

带约束的经验福利最大化AI 解读

Empirical Welfare Maximization (EWM) is a framework that can be used to select welfare program eligibility policies based on data. This paper extends EWM by allowing for uncertainty in estimating the budget needed to implement the selected policy, in addition to its welfare. Due to the additional estimation error, I show there exist no rules that achieve the highest welfare possible while satisfying a budget constraint uniformly over a wide range of DGPs. This differs from…

利用控制变量法进行多来源因果推断AI 解读

While many areas of machine learning have benefited from the increasing availability of large and varied datasets, the benefit to causal inference has been limited given the strong assumptions needed to ensure identifiability of causal effects; these are often not satisfied in real-world datasets. For example, many large observational datasets (e.g., case-control studies in epidemiology, click-through data in recommender systems) suffer from selection bias on the outcome,…

基于二阶统计量的平稳子空间分析AI 解读

In stationary subspace analysis (SSA) one assumes that the observable p-variate time series is a linear mixture of a k-variate nonstationary time series and a (p-k)-variate stationary time series. The aim is then to estimate the unmixing matrix which transforms the observed multivariate time series onto stationary and nonstationary components. In the classical approach multivariate data are projected onto stationary and nonstationary subspaces by minimizing a…

时间序列干预因果效应的估计：C-ARIMA 方法AI 解读

The Rubin Causal Model (RCM) is a framework that allows to define the causal effect of an intervention as a contrast of potential outcomes. In recent years, several methods have been developed under the RCM to estimate causal effects in time series settings. None of these makes use of ARIMA models, which are instead very common in the econometrics literature. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, C-ARIMA, to define and estimate the causal effect of an intervention in a…