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含 n+1 个内生变量方程中工具变量估计量的精确分布AI 解读

IN THE LATE 1960's, Richardson [18] and Sawa [20] derived the exact distribution of the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator in a structural equation (of a simultaneous system) that contained two endogenous variables and an arbitrary number of degrees of overidentification. Their results refer to the 2SLS estimator of the coefficient of the endogenous variable included on the right hand side of the equation and were obtained under the classical assumptions (to use the…

正态与非正态扰动下联立方程估计量的小样本蒙特卡洛比较AI 解读

In this paper we consider four alternative forms of two-parameter normal and nonnormal error distributions and report on a Monte Carlo study of the small-sample properties of least squares, two-stage least squares, three-stage least squares and full information maximum likelihood estimators. On the basis of 1,000 replications of sample size 20 in two experiments on an overidentified model, we found that the small-sample rankings of econometric estimators of both structural…

恰好识别情形下 LIML 与 2SLS 结构系数分布函数的说明AI 解读

Many alternative techniques of estimating coefficients appearing in the structural representation of econometric models have been developed. The techniques of two-stage least squares (2SLS) and limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) yield identical estimates in the exactly identified case. The derivations of the density functions of these estimators for overidentified structural equations do not formally include the exactly identified case. In this note we demonstrate…

恰好识别情形下 LIML 与 2SLS 结构系数分布函数札记AI 解读

Many alternative techniques of estimating coefficients appearing in the structural representation of econometric models have been developed. The techniques of two-stage least squares (2SLS) and limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) yield identical estimates in the exactly identified case. The derivations of the density functions of these estimators for overidentified structural equations do not formally include the exactly identified case. In this note we demonstrate…

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计量经济学中的模型设定检验AI 解读

Using the result that under the null hypothesis of no misspecification an asymptotically efficient estimator must have zero asymptotic covariance with its difference from a consistent but asymptotically inefficient estimator, specification tests are devised for a number of model specifications in econometrics. Local power is calculated for small departures from the null hypothesis. An instrumental variable test as well as tests for a time series cross section model and the…

简单变量测量误差模型中最小二乘与工具变量估计的比较AI 解读

IF ONE OF THE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES in a linear regression model is measured with error, the ordinary least squares estimator is known to be biased and inconsistent. Given suitable assumptions, an instrumental variables estimator is known to be consistent. In a large sample, the instrumental variables estimator is thus unambiguously preferred, but the choice of an estimator in a small sample remains a puzzle. The method of maximum likelihood sheds light on this puzzle. It…

联立方程简化式系数的修正 Stein 型估计量AI 解读

In this paper a reduced form estimator is developed which combines the corresponding restricted 3SLS and the unrestricted LS estimators. This estimator is similar to the 'positive part' Stein-like estimators proposed by Baranchik [2] and S. Sclove [16] in the classical multivariate regression context. It is shown that, whereas the restricted (derived) 3SLS and 2SLS reduced form estimates possess no finite moments (hence have unbounded risk), the modified Stein-like reduced…

带约束的间接最小二乘估计量AI 解读

An over-identified model could be defined as an exactly identified model that is subject to over-identifying restrictions. One could therefore define a constrained indirect least squares estimator for systems of equations similar to generalized least squares estimators under constraints for single equations. The estimator differs from three stage least squares in using the indirect least squares estimated covariance instead of the two stage least squares estimated…

计量经济模型的通用计算程序：SHAZAMAI 解读

to prepare and allow a large number of options. The program can be run in batch mode or interactively at a computer terminal. Computer core storage is dynamically allocated so that large problems are only limited by the size of the machine. SHAZAM is designed to grow so that new algorithms and procedures can easily be added by any programmer familiar with the internal structure of the program. Features of SHAZAM include ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares,…

计量经济模型的随机模拟程序AI 解读

model. Many results (observed value, deterministic solution, computed mean among the replications, minimum and maximum of the stochastic solution, first relative differences of the observed, deterministic and mean stochastic values) are displayed and several empirical indicators of goodness of fit are computed: (1) the mean over the simulation period of the actual, deterministic and mean stochastic values; (2) the root mean square error (RMSE) of the deterministic and mean…

工具变量估计方程中使用 Durbin h 检验的说明AI 解读

THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER is to consider the validity of Durbin's [1] h test when the h statistic is calculated from instrumental variable estimates of an autoregressive model. It seems useful to provide such an analysis since h tests based upon instrumental variable results have been reported in the empirical literature (for example, see McCallum [3]). The validity of the h test is investigated by deriving the asymptotic distribution (under the null hypothesis) of an…

时间序列与截面数据的合并估计AI 解读

PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE to facilitate calculation of least squares and instrumental variable coefficients and related statistics from data consisting of time-series observations for each of several cross-sectional units.' The (FORTRAN) programs2 must be used with the SPEAKEASY/FEDEASY processor3 and take the form of three FEDEASY commands that (1) form a moment (cross product) matrix from an arbitrarily large number of observations (CPMATRIX), (2) calculate least squares and…

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有限信息估计量一种修正的若干性质AI 解读

THE SMALL SAMPLE PROPERTIES of the estimators of parameters in a single equation of a system of equations have been investigated in several ways. Some of the many Monte Carlo studies that have been conducted are reviewed in Johnston [8]. Nagar [14] used expansions in powers of terms whose order in probability was T1, where T is the sample size, to obtain approximations of the small-sample behavior of the members of Theil's k-class estimators [18]. Basmann [4, 5], Kabe [9],…

两阶段最小二乘：应沿哪个方向最小化残差？AI 解读

A structural equation in a complete system may be written with the coefficient of one endogenous variable as unity and the coefficients of the other endogenous variables as parameters. To estimate these parameters two-stage least squares is usually applied by minimizing residuals in the direction of the first variable. In this paper, when there is one such parameter, that procedure is compared with adapting two-stage least squares to minimize residuals in the direction of…

两阶段最小二乘：应沿哪个方向最小化残差？AI 解读

A structural equation in a complete system may be written with the coefficient of one endogenous variable as unity and the coefficients of the other endogenous variables as parameters. To estimate these parameters two-stage least squares is usually applied by minimizing residuals in the direction of the first variable. In this paper, when there is one such parameter, that procedure is compared with adapting two-stage least squares to minimize residuals in the direction of…

不同参数序列下联立方程估计量分布的渐近展开AI 解读

The distributions of the LIML and TSLS estimates of the coefficient of an endogenous variable in a single equation can be approximated by asymptotic expansions. This paper relates the expansions in terms of the noncentrality parameter and the sample size going to infinity, the noncentrality parameter going to infinity with the sample size held fixed, and the standard deviation of the disturbance going to zero (small-o). 1. INTRODUCriON RECENTLY, ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS of the…

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杜宾–沃森检验统计量分布函数的计算算法AI 解读

IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS most empirical economists use the well-known Durbin-Watson (DW) procedure [1] to test the hypothesis of no autocorrelation among the disturbances of a linear regression model against the hypothesis of a first-order autocorrelation. The use of this procedure is compromised by the fact that it is a bounds text and, hence, cannot discriminate between the two competing hypotheses for a range of intermediate values of the test statistic. This shortcoming…

线性样条与分段多元线性回归的若干算法AI 解读

This paper develops some efficient algorithms for linear spline and piecewise multiple linear regression. A plotting procedure that shows the existence and location of changes in linear regression models is developed as an adjunct to one of the algorithms. The algorithms are compared with other presently available algorithms both in terms of efficiency and in terms of performance on sets of artificial data. An example shows how the algorithms, implemented in portable FORTRAN…

计量与谱分析程序 EASAI 解读

and FORTRAN IV which is designed to accommodate most researchers' everyday econometric needs. However, this program is particularly useful when spectral methods are combined (in an ex post sense) with regression and simultaneous equations estimation., Residuals from regression or simultaneous equations estimation are easily saved by EAS and used in later spectral computations by using only two program statements.1 All spectral computations are highly efficient since the fast…