论文检索

一种半参数多重插补方法AI 解读

Summary In this paper, we describe how to use multiple imputation semiparametrically to obtain estimates of parameters and their standard errors when some individuals have missing data. The methods given require the investigator to know or be able to estimate the process generating the missing data but requires no full distributional form for the data. The method is especially useful for non-standard problems, such as estimating the median when data are missing.

改进调查加权最小二乘回归AI 解读

Summary The weighted least squares (WLS) estimator is often employed in linear regression using complex survey data to deal with the bias in ordinary least squares (OLS) arising from informative sampling. In this paper a ‘quasi-Aitken WLS’ (QWLS) estimator is proposed. QWLS modifies WLS in the same way that Cragg’s quasi-Aitken estimator modifies OLS. It weights by the usual inverse sample inclusion probability weights multiplied by a parameterized function of covariates,…

多阶段抽样纵向二元数据分析AI 解读

Summary The efficient use of surrogate or auxiliary information has been investigated within both model-based and design-based approaches to data analysis, particularly in the context of missing data. Here we consider the use of such data in epidemiological studies of disease incidence in which surrogate measures of disease status are available for all subjects at two time points, but definitive diagnoses are available only in stratified subsamples. We briefly review methods…

存在不可忽略无应答的分类调查数据模型推断AI 解读

Summary We consider non-response models for a single categorical response with categorical covariates whose values are always observed. We present Bayesian methods for ignorable models and a particular non-ignorable model, and we argue that standard methods of model comparison are inappropriate for comparing ignorable and non-ignorable models. Uncertainty about ignorability of non-response is incorporated by introducing parameters describing the extent of non-ignorability…

多层模型中不等选择概率的加权处理AI 解读

Summary When multilevel models are estimated from survey data derived using multistage sampling, unequal selection probabilities at any stage of sampling may induce bias in standard estimators, unless the sources of the unequal probabilities are fully controlled for in the covariates. This paper proposes alternative ways of weighting the estimation of a two-level model by using the reciprocals of the selection probabilities at each stage of sampling. Consistent estimators…

概率抽样中的稳健模型AI 解读

Summary In the estimation of a population mean or total from a random sample, certain methods based on linear models are known to be automatically design consistent, regardless of how well the underlying model describes the population. A sufficient condition is identified for this type of robustness to model failure; the condition, which we call ‘internal bias calibration’, relates to the combination of a model and the method used to fit it. Included among the internally…

Langevin 扩散离散近似的最优尺度选择AI 解读

Summary We consider the optimal scaling problem for proposal distributions in Hastings-Metropolis algorithms derived from Langevin diffusions. We prove an asymptotic diffusion limit theorem and show that the relative efficiency of the algorithm can be characterized by its overall acceptance rate, independently of the target distribution. The asymptotically optimal acceptance rate is 0.574. We show that, as a function of dimension n, the complexity of the algorithm is…

二阶导数函数型回归及其近红外光谱应用AI 解读

Summary A linear regression method to predict a scalar from a discretized smooth function is presented. The method takes into account the functional nature of the predictors and the importance of the second derivative in spectroscopic applications. This motivates a functional inner product that can be used as a roughness penalty. Using this inner product, we derive a linear prediction method that is similar to ridge regression but with different shrinkage characteristics. We…

利用U统计量无偏估计中心矩AI 解读

Summary We obtain an estimator of the rth central moment of a distribution, which is unbiased for all distributions for which the first r moments exist. We do this by finding the kernel which allows the rth central moment to be written as a regular statistical functional. The U-statistic associated with this kernel is the unique symmetric unbiased estimator of the rth central moment, and, for each distribution, it has minimum variance among all estimators which are unbiased…

采用贝叶斯非参数混合的层级广义线性模型与脆弱性模型AI 解读

Summary This paper proposes Bayesian nonparametric mixing for some well-known and popular models. The distribution of the observations is assumed to contain an unknown mixed effects term which includes a fixed effects term, a function of the observed covariates, and an additive or multiplicative random effects term. Typically these random effects are assumed to be independent of the observed covariates and independent and identically distributed from a distribution from some…

利用核平滑改善自助法置信区间AI 解读

Summary Some studies of the bootstrap have assessed the effect of smoothing the estimated distribution that is resampled, a process usually known as the smoothed bootstrap. Generally, the smoothed distribution for resampling is a kernel estimate and is often rescaled to retain certain characteristics of the empirical distribution. Typically the effect of such smoothing has been measured in terms of the mean-squared error of bootstrap point estimates. The reports of these…

成分数量未知的混合模型贝叶斯分析（附讨论）AI 解读

Summary New methodology for fully Bayesian mixture analysis is developed, making use of reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods that are capable of jumping between the parameter subspaces corresponding to different numbers of components in the mixture. A sample from the full joint distribution of all unknown variables is thereby generated, and this can be used as a basis for a thorough presentation of many aspects of the posterior distribution. The methodology is…

非嵌套假设的稳健检验AI 解读

Summary We propose a robust version of Cox-type test statistics for the choice between two non-nested hypotheses. We first show that the influence of small amounts of contamination in the data on the test decision can be very large. Secondly, we build a robust test statistic by using the results on robust parametric tests that are available in the literature and show that the level of the robust test is stable. Finally, we show numerically not only the robustness of this new…

使用残差极大似然检验模型固定项的似然比方法AI 解读

Summary Likelihood ratio tests for fixed model terms are proposed for the analysis of linear mixed models when using residual maximum likelihood estimation. Bartlett-type adjustments, using an approximate decomposition of the data, are developed for the test statistics. A simulation study is used to compare properties of the test statistics proposed, with or without adjustment, with a Wald test. A proposed test statistic constructed by dropping fixed terms from the full…

混合离散与连续结果的潜变量模型AI 解读

Summary We propose a latent variable model for mixed discrete and continuous outcomes. The model accommodates any mixture of outcomes from an exponential family and allows for arbitrary covariate effects, as well as direct modelling of covariates on the latent variable. An EM algorithm is proposed for parameter estimation and estimates of the latent variables are produced as a by-product of the analysis. A generalized likelihood ratio test can be used to test the…

多维目标参数情形下剖面似然的二阶调整AI 解读

Summary Inference in the presence of nuisance parameters is often carried out by using the χ2-approximation to the profile likelihood ratio statistic. However, in small samples, the accuracy of such procedures may be poor, in part because the profile likelihood does not behave as a true likelihood, in particular having a profile score bias and information bias which do not vanish. To account better for nuisance parameters, various researchers have suggested that inference be…

基于图基深度与自助法的平衡置信区域AI 解读

Summary We propose and study the bootstrap confidence regions for multivariate parameters based on Tukey’s depth. The bootstrap is based on the normalized or Studentized statistic formed from an independent and identically distributed random sample obtained from some unknown distribution in R q. The bootstrap points are deleted on the basis of Tukey’s depth until the desired confidence level is reached. The proposed confidence regions are shown to be second order balanced in…

Summary When measurement error is present in covariates, it is well known that naïvely fitting a generalized linear model results in inconsistent inferences. Several methods have been proposed to adjust for measurement error without making undue distributional assumptions about the unobserved true covariates. Stefanski and Carroll focused on an unbiased estimating function rather than a likelihood approach. Their estimating function, known as the conditional score, exists…

非负贝叶斯时间序列模型的性质与推广AI 解读

Summary We study the most basic Bayesian forecasting model for exponential family time series, the power steady model (PSM) of Smith, in terms of observable properties of one-step forecast distributions and sample paths. The PSM implies a constraint between location and spread of the forecast distribution. Including a scale parameter in the models does not always give an exact solution free of this problem, but it does suggest how to define related models free of the…

Summary In some applications it is cost efficient to sample data in two or more stages. In the first stage a simple random sample is drawn and then stratified according to some easily measured attribute. In each subsequent stage a random subset of previously selected units is sampled for more detailed and costly observation, with a unit’s sampling probability determined by its attributes as observed in the previous stages. This paper describes multistage sampling designs and…

利用拟 Newton 方法加速 EM 算法AI 解读

Summary The EM algorithm is a popular method for maximum likelihood estimation. Its simplicity in many applications and desirable convergence properties make it very attractive. Its sometimes slow convergence, however, has prompted researchers to propose methods to accelerate it. We review these methods, classifying them into three groups: pure, hybrid and EM-type accelerators. We propose a new pure and a new hybrid accelerator both based on quasi-Newton methods and…

设计性缺失数据下的贝叶斯多变量空间插值AI 解读

Summary In a network of s g sites, responses like levels of airborne pollutant concentrations may be monitored over time. The sites need not all measure the same set of response items and unmeasured items are considered as data missing by design. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach to interpolate the levels of, say, k responses at s u other locations called ungauged sites and also the unmeasured levels of the k responses at the gauged sites. Our method involves two…

联合尾部区域内的依赖建模AI 解读

Summary Standard approaches for modelling dependence within joint tail regions are based on extreme value methods which assume max-stability, a particular form of joint tail dependence. We develop joint tail models based on a broader class of dependence structure which provides a natural link between max-stable models and weaker forms of dependence including independence and negative association. This approach overcomes many of the problems that are encountered with standard…

正态位置参数的稳健分析AI 解读

Summary Pericchi and Smith considered a normal location parameter problem with double-exponential and Student t prior distributions. These two prior distributions both belong to the class of scale mixtures of normal distributions and are useful in providing a robust analysis of the normal location parameter problem. In this paper we extend the analysis to other scale mixtures of normal distributions, such as the exponential power and the symmetric stable distributions.