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差异化产品需求系统参数估计的极限定理AI 解读

We provide an asymptotic distribution theory for a class of generalized method of moments estimators that arise in the study of differentiated product markets when the number of observations is associated with the number of products within a given market. We allow for three sources of error: sampling error in estimating market shares, simulation error in approximating the shares predicted by the model, and the underlying model error. It is shown that the estimators are CAN…

半参数二元响应模型中的内生性AI 解读

This paper develops and implements semiparametric methods for estimating binary response (binary choice) models with continuous endogenous regressors. It extends existing results on semiparametric estimation in single-index binary response models to the case of endogenous regressors. It develops a control function approach to account for endogeneity in triangular and fully simultaneous binary response models. The proposed estimation method is applied to estimate the income…

二元响应模型中福利评价的半参数方法AI 解读

Applied welfare analysis is commonly based on mean or median benefit estimates. However, the whole conditional distribution of benefits is often of interest for policy makers. This article compares the distributional information recovered by competing semiparametric methods. Results obtained using a valuation study for the improvement of water resources in Brazil suggest that the semiparametric approaches are in line with each other, capturing a rich heterogeneity structure…

利用含分类错误的有序响应模型分析移民口语熟练度AI 解读

We develop parametric models that incorporate misclassification error in an ordered response model and compare them with a semiparametric model that nests the parametric models. We apply these estimators to the analysis of English-speaking fluency of immigrants in the United Kingdom, focusing on Lazear's theory that due to learning or self-selection, there is a negative relation between speaking fluency and the ethnic minority concentration in the region. Specification tests…

最低工资AI 解读

Do moderate increases in the minimum wage reduce employment? If not, do they nevertheless raise wages? To examine these questions, we apply techniques of time series analysis and systems estimation that are commonly used in macroeconomics and finance to five panels of data that contain between 11 and 34 low-wage industries. Our answers are “No” and “Yes,” respectively. We find that increases in the federal minimum wage between 1947 and 1997 have raised average wages in many…

德国企业相关服务业公司的绩效表现AI 解读

We analyze the performance of firms from the German business-related service sector for 1994–2000. Performance is measured by ordinal assessment of changes in total sales. We estimate first-order Markov chain models using extensions of the multinomial logit model: a linear index model with alternative specifications of heterogeneity and a semiparametric model. The preferred specification involves heterogeneity connected to the firm and the type of transition. Our findings…

医疗改革与就诊次数：一项计量分析AI 解读

Abstract This paper evaluates the German health care reform of 1997, using the individual number of doctor visits as outcome measure and data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel for the years 1995–1999. A number of modified count data models allow us to estimate the effect of the reform in different parts of the distribution. The overall effect of the reform was a 10% reduction in the number of doctor visits. The effect was much larger in the lower part of the distribution…

英国家庭面板调查中的健康动态AI 解读

Abstract This paper considers the dynamics of a categorical indicator of self‐assessed health using eight waves (1991–1998) of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Our analysis has three focal points: the relative contributions of state dependence and heterogeneity in explaining the dynamics of health, the existence and consequences of health‐related sample attrition, and the investigation of the effects of measures of socioeconomic status, with a particular focus on…

远离大麻？英国大麻消费的计量模型AI 解读

Abstract This paper presents estimates of a dynamic individual‐level model of cannabis consumption, using data from a 1998 survey of young people in Britain. The econometric model is a split‐population generalization of the non‐stationary Poisson process, allowing for separate dynamic process for initiation into cannabis use and subsequent consumption. The model allows for heterogeneity in consumption levels and behavioural shifts induced by leaving education and the…

适用于二元数据的高效 Robbins–Monro 程序AI 解读

The Robbins–Monro procedure does not perform well in the estimation of extreme quantiles, because the procedure is implemented using asymptotic results, which are not suitable for binary data. Here we propose a modification of the Robbins–Monro procedure and derive the optimal procedure for binary data under some reasonable approximations. The improvement obtained by using the optimal procedure for the estimation of extreme quantiles is substantial.

利用小规模暴发估计疫苗效力AI 解读

Let CV and C0 denote the number of cases among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, respectively, and let υ be the proportion of individuals vaccinated. The quantity ê = 1–(1–υ)CV/(υC0) = 1–(relative attack rate) is the most used estimator of the effectiveness of a vaccine to protect against infection. For a wide class of vaccine responses, a family of transmission models and three types of community settings, this paper investigates what ê actually estimates. It does so…

病例对照研究中的纵向数据分析AI 解读

Case‐control studies for longitudinal data are considered. Among repeated binary measurements of disease status in each subject, the exposure levels of risk factors for all diseased cases are identified and the exposure levels for only a small fraction of disease‐free cases, to be regarded as controls, are identified. Case‐control studies for longitudinal data bring about economies in cost and time when the disease is rare and when assessing the exposure level of risk…

第一阶段基于分位数回归的两阶段分位数回归AI 解读

We present the asymptotic properties of double-stage quantile regression estimators with random regressors, where the first stage is based on quantile regressions with the same quantile as in the second stage, which ensures robustness of the estimation procedure. We derive invariance properties with respect to the reformulation of the dependent variable. We propose a consistent estimator of the variance--covariance matrix of the new estimator. Finally, we investigate finite…

Is individual labor income more risky in recessions? This is a difficult question to answer because existing panel data sets are so short. To address this problem, we develop a generalized method of moments estimator that conditions on the macroeconomic history that each member of the panel has experienced. Variation in the cross‐sectional variance between households with differing macroeconomic histories allows us to incorporate business cycle information dating back to…

利用加速重要性采样器模拟估计动态离散选择面板模型AI 解读

With long time series for dynamic discrete choice panel models, the Geweke--Hajivassiliou--Keane sampler has been observed to have large biases and root-mean-square errors. The Richard--Zhang accelerated importance sampler is extended for the simulation estimation of such models. It is demonstrated to be adequate and can improve upon the Geweke--Hajivassiliou--Keane sampler for lengthy time-series panels by Monte Carlo means. Empirical applications of the proposed method on…

The nonlinear fixed-effects model has two shortcomings, one practical and one methodological. The practical obstacle relates to the difficulty of computing the MLE of the coefficients of non-linear models with possibly thousands of dummy variable coefficients. In fact, in many models of interest to practitioners, computing the MLE of the parameters of fixed effects model is feasible even in panels with very large numbers of groups. The result, though not new, appears not to…

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相关样本下的贫困比较AI 解读

Abstract Standard inference procedures for poverty comparisons require samples to be independent. For many commonly used income samples, however, this requirement is not fulfilled since samples are rotated. This article introduces an easy‐to‐use method of correction for sample dependency. We also apply the method to test changes in US poverty in the 1990s and to evaluate the marginal effects of public assistance on poverty before and after the recent welfare reform.…

有序处理对计数结果的选择修正与敏感性分析AI 解读

Abstract In estimating the effect of an ordered treatment τ on a count response y with an observational data where τ is self‐selected (not randomized), observed variables x and unobserved variables ε can be unbalanced across the control group (τ = 0) and the treatment groups (τ = 1, …, J ). While the imbalance in x causes ‘overt bias’ which can be removed by controlling for x , the imbalance in ε causes ‘covert (hidden or selection) bias’ which cannot be easily removed. This…

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大型需求系统的估计与福利分析AI 解读

We develop an approach for estimating individual or household level preferences for a large set of quality-differentiated goods and for constructing Hicksian welfare measures within the demand system framework. Our approach uses a maximum simulated likelihood procedure to recover estimates of the structural parameters and a multistage, Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm for constructing Hicksian consumer surplus estimates. We illustrate our approach with a recreation dataset…

聚类与纵向数据非参数回归中平滑样条的等价核AI 解读

For independent data, it is well known that kernel methods and spline methods are essentially asymptotically equivalent (Silverman, 1984). However, recent work of Welsh et al. (2002) shows that the same is not true for clustered/longitudinal data. Splines and conventional kernels are different in localness and ability to account for the within‐cluster correlation. We show that a smoothing spline estimator is asymptotically equivalent to a recently proposed seemingly…

带固定效应的面板比例风险模型的半参数估计AI 解读

This paper considers a panel duration model that has a proportional hazards specification with fixed effects. The paper shows how to estimate the baseline and integrated baseline hazard functions without assuming that they belong to known, finitedimensional families of functions. Existing estimators assume that the baseline hazard function belongs to a known parametric family. Therefore, the estimators presented here are more general than existing ones. This paper also…