Estimating and reducing bias in group sequential designs with Gaussian independent increment structure
高斯独立增量群序贯设计中的偏差估计与减小
A concern in the use of sequential testing procedures is the bias associated with the estimates of treatment differences. Clinical trials that stop early because of evidence of therapeutic benefit are prone to exaggerate the magnitude of the treatment effect. We consider methods for estimating and reducing the bias of treatment differences estimators in group sequential designs with Gaussian independent increment structure. We derive an analytical expression for the bias and…