Who Benefits from Universal Child Care? Estimating Marginal Returns to Early Child Care Attendance
谁受益于普惠托育?早期托育参与的边际回报估计
We examine heterogeneous treatment effects of a universal child care program in Germany by exploiting variation in attendance caused by a reform that led to a large expansion staggered across municipalities. Drawing on novel administrative data from the full population of compulsory school entry examinations, we find that children with lower (observed and unobserved) gains are more likely to select into child care than children with higher gains. Children from disadvantaged…