Instrumental Variables Estimation With Some Invalid Instruments and its Application to Mendelian Randomization
部分工具变量无效时的工具变量估计及孟德尔随机化应用
Instrumental variables have been widely used for estimating the causal effect between exposure and outcome. Conventional estimation methods require complete knowledge about all the instruments’ validity; a valid instrument must not have a direct effect on the outcome and not be related to unmeasured confounders. Often, this is impractical as highlighted by Mendelian randomization studies where genetic markers are used as instruments and complete knowledge about instruments’…